ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. , 5 Jan. 2010. Sandia National Laboratories scientists have developed tiny glitter-sized photovoltaic cells that could turn a person into a walking solar battery charger if they were fastened to flexible substrates molded around unusual shapes, such as clothing enabling warfighters in the field to recharge their batteries as they move.
The solar particles, fabricated of crystalline silicon, hold the potential for a variety of new applications, Sandia scientists say. They are expected eventually to be less expensive and have greater efficiencies than current photovoltaic collectors that are pieced together with 6-inch- square solar wafers.
The cells are fabricated using microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques common to today's electronic foundries.
Sandia lead investigator Greg Nielson says the research team has identified more than 20 benefits of scale for its microphotovoltaic cells. These include new applications, improved performance, potential for reduced costs, and higher efficiencies.
"Eventually units could be mass-produced and wrapped around unusual shapes for building-integrated solar, tents and maybe even clothing," he says. This would make it possible for hunters, hikers, or military personnel in the field to recharge batteries for phones, cameras and other electronic devices as they walk or rest.
Such microengineered panels could have circuits imprinted that would help perform other functions customarily left to large-scale construction with its attendant need for field construction design and permits.
"Photovoltaic modules made from these microsized cells for the rooftops of homes and warehouses could have intelligent controls, inverters, and even storage built in at the chip level," says Vipin Gupta, Sandia field engineer. Such an integrated module could greatly simplify the cumbersome design, bid, permit and grid integration process that our solar technical assistance teams see in the field all the time."
For large-scale power generation, says Sandia researcher Murat Okandan, "one of the biggest scale benefits is a significant reduction in manufacturing and installation costs compared with current PV techniques."
Part of the potential cost reduction comes about because microcells require relatively little material to form well-controlled and highly efficient devices.
From 14 to 20 micrometers thick (a human hair is approximately 70 micrometers thick), they are 10 times thinner than conventional 6-inch-by-6-inch brick-sized cells, yet perform at about the same efficiency.
"So they use 100 times less silicon to generate the same amount of electricity," Okandan says. "Since they are much smaller and have fewer mechanical deformations for a given environment than the conventional cells, they may also be more reliable over the long term."
Another manufacturing convenience is that the cells, because they are only hundreds of micrometers in diameter, can be fabricated from commercial wafers of any size, including today's 300-millimeter (12-inch) diameter wafers and future 450-millimeter (18-inch) wafers. Further, if one cell proves defective in manufacture, the rest still can be harvested, while if a brick-sized unit goes bad, the entire wafer may be unusable. Also, brick-sized units fabricated larger than the conventional 6-inch-by-6-inch cross section to take advantage of larger wafer size would require thicker power lines to harvest the increased power, creating more cost and possibly shading the wafer. That problem does not exist with the small-cell approach and its individualized wiring.
Other unique features are available because the cells are so small. "The shade tolerance of our units to overhead obstructions is better than conventional PV panels," Nielson says, "because portions of our units not in shade will keep sending out electricity where a partially shaded conventional panel may turn off entirely."
Because flexible substrates can be easily fabricated, high-efficiency PV for ubiquitous solar power becomes more feasible, Okandan says.
Offering a run for their money to conventional large wafers of crystalline silicon, electricity presently can be harvested from the Sandia-created cells with 14.9 percent efficiency. Off-the-shelf commercial modules range from 13 to 20 percent efficient.
Other possible applications for the technology include satellites and remote sensing.
The project combines expertise from Sandia's Microsystems Center; Photovoltaics and Grid Integration Group; the Materials, Devices, and Energy Technologies Group; and the National Renewable Energy Lab's Concentrating Photovoltaics Group. The work is supported by the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Solar Energy Technology Program and Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research & Development program, and has been presented at four technical conferences this year.
